(d) All four statements are correct
Systemically Important Banks (SIBs) are identified based on their size, interconnectedness, complexity, and lack of substitutes, which means their failure could disrupt the financial system. This is the core criteria used to identify D-SIBs. Larger, more interconnected banks with complex operations and fewer substitutes are considered more systemically important.
D-SIBs are required to maintain higher capital adequacy ratios, particularly Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital, to absorb potential losses and reduce the risk of failure.
The RBI is responsible for identifying D-SIBs in India and assigning them to different buckets based on their level of systemic importance.
D-SIBs are subject to stricter regulatory oversight and supervision, including stress tests, liquidity requirements, and recovery and resolution planning.
Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs) are identified by the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in consultation with the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), and include major international banks like JP Morgan Chase, HSBC, and Bank of China.

(b) Only two statements are correct (1st and 3rd)
Kavach System is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system.
Kavach was developed by the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) under Indian Railway (IR) in collaboration with Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd, HBL Power Systems Ltd and Kernex Microsystems. (2nd statement is incorrect)
It is a set of electronic devices and Radio Frequency Identification devices installed in locomotives, in the signalling system as well the tracks, that talk to each other using ultra-high radio frequencies to control the brakes of trains and also alert drivers, all based on the logic programmed into them.
Since 2016, the railways have been carrying out field tests for Kavach on passenger trains.
Applications: It has been designed to assist locomotive pilots in avoiding Signal Passing At Danger (SPAD) and overspeeding.
The system can alert the loco pilot, take control of the brakes and bring the train to a halt automatically when it notices another train on the same line within a prescribed distance.
The device also continuously relays the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility.
It also controls the speed of the train by an automatic application of brakes in case the loco pilot fails to do so. It helps the loco pilot in running the train during inclement weather conditions such as dense fog.

(a) It is a biennial exercise conducted by the Indian Navy.
Sea Vigil-24 is the fourth edition of India’s national-level coastal defence exercise, aimed at validating measures to enhance maritime security. The exercise is coordinated by the Indian Navy and involves multiple stakeholders, including the Indian Army, Air Force, and various other agencies1. Sea Vigil-24 focuses on strengthening the security of coastal assets such as ports, oil rigs, and critical infrastructure, as well as raising awareness among coastal communities. The exercise also serves as a precursor to the Theatre Level Readiness Operational Exercise (TROPEX), which is conducted biennially by the Indian Navy
SEA VIGIL is an annual exercise, not biennial. Enhancing coastal security and inter-agency coordination is the primary objective of SEA VIGIL. SEA VIGIL covers the entire Indian coastline, not just the Western Coast.

(c) All three statements are correct
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees protects refugees worldwide and facilitates their return home or resettlement. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• It was established by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1950 in the aftermath of the Second World War to help the millions of people who had lost their homes.
• It started Nansen Refugee Award in 1954 for recognition of outstanding service to the cause of refugees, displaced or stateless people.

(b) UNEP
According to the Food Waste Index Report 2024, households across the globe wasted over one billion meals a day in 2022. The report defines “food waste” as “food and the associated inedible parts removed from the human food supply chain”.
‘‘Food loss” is defined as “all the crop and livestock human-edible commodity quantities that, directly or indirectly, completely exit the post-harvest/slaughter production/supply chain up to, and excluding, the retail level”.