(a) 1, 2, and 4 only
Enhancing access to quality education and healthcare equips individuals with the necessary skills and health to contribute productively to the economy. Reducing economic inequality through progressive taxation ensures a more equitable distribution of wealth. Encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship fosters economic diversification and job creation.
Protectionist trade policies are economic measures that limit international trade to benefit a country’s domestic economy.
However, protectionist trade policies (Factor 3) and restricting foreign direct investment (Factor 5) can hinder economic growth and limit opportunities for broader participation, and thus, are not typically aligned with inclusive growth strategies.

(a) Inclusive institutions foster innovation and economic growth, whereas extractive institutions concentrate power and wealth in the hands of a few, stifling innovation and economic progress.
Inclusive institutions are designed to create an environment where all members of society have the opportunity to participate in economic activities. They support property rights, equitable legal systems, and inclusive political systems that encourage innovation and economic growth. Extractive institutions, on the other hand, are structured to extract resources and wealth from the many to benefit a select few, often leading to economic stagnation and inequality. These institutions typically involve centralized control and exclusion of large segments of the population from political and economic participation.

(c) Only three statements are correct (1st, 2nd and 4th)
The CDSCO is indeed the regulatory authority responsible for approving new drugs and clinical trials in India. Clinical trials must be registered with the Clinical Trials Registry – India (CTRI) to ensure transparency and accountability. Ethical approval from an Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) is mandatory for clinical trials to ensure the protection of participants’ rights and well-being. Post-marketing surveillance is essential for monitoring the safety of new drugs after they are marketed to identify any adverse effects that were not detected during clinical trials.
Statement 3 is incorrect as ethical approval is required for clinical trials in India.

(d) 1, 2 and 3 Statements are correct
According to the ‘Arthashastra,’ individuals could become slaves through birth, voluntary sale, capture in war, or as a form of judicial punishment.
In accordance with the Arthashastra, if a female slave bore her master’s child, she gained freedom from bondage. However, during her pregnancy, she couldn’t be sold or mortgaged without ensuring her well-being. Upon giving birth to her master’s child, both the slave and the child were emancipated.
Additionally, any slave under the age of eight, lacking relatives, regardless of birth circumstances, was entitled to a portion of the master’s inheritance.

(b) SDR
SDR (Special Drawing Rights) is treated as an artificial currency, while ADR and GDR are financial instruments. SDRs are created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and are also known as paper gold.
ADR and GDR are both types of negotiable securities that represent shares in a foreign company. The main difference between the two is that ADRs are issued in the US markets, while GDRs are primarily issued in non-US markets.
An American depositary receipt represents shares in a foreign company and is listed only on American exchanges. A GDR represents shares in a foreign company and is listed on various foreign stock exchanges.