(d) All four
The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian Telugu dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan region in present-day India between 12th and 14th centuries. Early Kakatiya rulers served as feudatories to Rashtrakutas and Western Chalukyas for more than two centuries. They assumed sovereignty under Prataparudra I in 1163 CE by suppressing other Chalukya subordinates in the Telangana region.
Marco Polo, who visited India around 1289–1293, made note of Rudrama Devi’s rule and nature in flattering terms.
The Kakatiya polity was based on the monarchical system. The Kakatiya ruler was the pivot of the entire administrative structure, yet he was not an absolute autocrat.
Generally, in the process of succession, they followed the law of primogeniture (is a law of inheritance that gives the firstborn child the right to inherit the deceased’s property, wealth, and/or title) and as already referred; a woman coming to the throne was a remarkable exception.

(a) Eastern Gangas
The Eastern Ganga dynasty, who ruled Kalinga (modern Odisha and Northern Andhra Pradesh) from the 11th to the 15th centuries.
Long reign: The Eastern Gangas were one of the longest-reigning dynasties in Odisha, ruling for over 400 years. This speaks to their political stability and adaptability in the face of external threats.
Expansion and Defense: They effectively defended their kingdom against several powerful empires, including the Cholas, Chalukyas, and later, the Muslim Delhi Sultanate. They even expanded their territory at times, conquering parts of Andhra Pradesh and Bengal.
Title of Trikalingadhipati: This title, meaning “Lord of the Three Kalingas,” signified their control over the three Kalinga regions – Uttara Kalinga (North Kalinga), Dakshina Kalinga (South Kalinga), and Kangoda (Ganja).

(d) None
All the statements are correct.
The International Financial Services Centres Authority (IFSCA) is a statutory body that regulates financial services, products, and institutions in India’s International Financial Services Centre (IFSC). The IFSCA was established in 2020 under the International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019. The IFSCA’s headquarters are located at GIFT City, Gandhinagar in Gujarat.
The GIFT City is a multi-service Special Economic Zone (SEZ) that houses India’s first IFSC and a Domestic Tariff Area (DTA).
The IFSCA’s primary role is to ensure inter-regulatory coordination within the financial sector. Some of the operations that take place at IFSCs include:
• Global and regional corporate treasury management
• Risk management operations such as insurance and reinsurance
• Merger and acquisition activities among trans-national corporations
India International Bullion Exchange (IIBX) is India’s first bullion exchange, launched on 29 July 2022 in Gujarat. Bullion refers to physical gold and silver of high purity often kept in the form of bars, ingots, or coins.

(d) All four
The Tomar dynasty, also known as the Tanwar dynasty, played a significant role in the history of North India between the 8th and 12th centuries CE.
The Tomars claim descent from the Agnivanshi Rajput lineage, though the exact timeframe and location of their rise remain a topic of debate. Some sources place their initial homeland in the Himalayas, while others suggest they originated in present-day Haryana.
They ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana, establishing their capital in Dhillika Puri, which eventually evolved into Delhi.
Initially, the Tomars were feudatories of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. In the 12th century, the Chauhan dynasty conquered the Tomar capital, marking the end of their independent rule. However, some evidence suggests Tomar kings continued to rule as vassals until the Muslim conquest of Delhi in 1192-93.
The Tomars were devout Hindus and patronized the construction of several notable temples, including the Anang Tal Baoli and Lal Kot fort.
Contribution to Delhi: Anangpal II is credited with laying the foundation for the city of Delhi as we know it today.
Tomar Style: They are credited with the development of a distinct architectural style characterized by the use of red sandstone and intricate carvings.

(d) Mahendravarman I

Mahendravarman I, a Pallava emperor who ruled from 600 to 630 CE, was a multifaceted figure revered for his diverse accomplishments. His reign ushered in a golden age for art, architecture, and literature, earning him numerous titles that reflected his multifaceted personality and achievements.
The inscription at Mandagapattu mentions Mahendravarman I with numerous titles such as Vichitrachitta (curious-minded), Chitrakarapuli (tiger among artists), Chaityakari (temple builder), which show his interest in art activities.