: (d) None
A cloudburst is a natural phenomenon that involves a sudden, heavy downpour of rain over a small area, usually within 20–30 square kilometers. Cloudbursts are defined by the amount of rainfall, with the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classifying 100 mm of rain as a cloudburst in one hour. Cloudbursts can also be accompanied by hail and thunder.
Cloudbursts are a type of geo-hydrological hazard that can cause erosion and inundation, resulting in significant losses. They often occur in high-altitude regions, such as hills and mountains, due to low-pressure areas that form at the top of mountains. These low-pressure areas accumulate clouds with great force, resulting in orographic precipitation.
In India, cloudbursts are generally observed in the Himalayan region. For example, a cloudburst triggered by heavy rains caused one person to drown and four others to go missing in the Himachal Pradesh landslide.
Lightning can heat the air it passes through to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit, which is five times hotter than the surface of the sun. The intense electrical current from a lightning strike causes the air around it to heat up instantly. This causes the air molecules to expand explosively. The air then rapidly cools and contracts immediately after the flash.

(c) All three
Cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds are responsible for heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon season in India. These clouds are dense and towering, and can bring strong winds, hail, and rain. They are also known as “thunderheads” and are often embedded in other cloud layers.
Nimbostratus clouds are dark gray, featureless layers of cloud that can block out the sun and produce persistent rain. They are low-level clouds that form a uniform layer and can float as low as 2,000 meters (just over 1 mile) above the ground. They are often associated with frontal systems provided by mid-latitude cyclones.
These clouds can reach heights of up to 25 km and are highly unstable. They are dense and towering, often with a flat, anvil-shaped top. Cumulonimbus clouds are associated with heavy precipitation, lightning, and thunder. They can produce intense, short-lived rains.

(c) All three
Alternative Investment Fund is a special investment category that differs from conventional investment instruments. It is a privately pooled fund. Generally, institutions and HNIs invest in AIFs as substantial investments are required.

(b) Only 2
It is an autonomous international organization established in 1994 to regulate mining and related activities in the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction, an area that includes most of the world’s oceans. (Statement 1 is incorrect)
The ISA came into existence upon the entry into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which codified international law regarding territorial waters, sea lanes, and ocean resources.
ISA is the organization through which states parties to UNCLOS organize and control all mineral-resources-related activities in the Area (the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction) for the benefit of humankind as a whole.
In so doing, ISA has the mandate to ensure the effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects that may arise from deep-seabed-related activities.

(d) Liquid sodium
Liquid sodium is used as the coolant in the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam. Sodium is the preferred coolant for fast reactors because it can remove heat effectively from the compact reactor core and remains in the liquid state over a fairly broad temperature range. In addition, liquid sodium is compatible with the stainless steel structural materials in the reactor.