(c) All three
FIR stands for First Information Report. It is a written document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offence (i.e., an offence for which the police can arrest without a warrant).
The FIR must contain the following details:
1. Information about the offence that has been committed
2. The date, time, and place of the offence
3. Details about the accused, if known
4. Details about the informant (the person who is filing the FIR)
Zero FIR allows any police station to register an FIR for a cognisable offence without assigning a regular FIR number initially. (Statement 1 is correct)
It was introduced on the recommendation of the Justice Verma Committee formed at the backdrop of the brutal Nirbhaya gang rape in Delhi in 2012. (Statement 2 is correct)
The term FIR is not defined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, or in any other law, but in police regulations or rules, information recorded under Section 154 of CrPC is known as First Information Report (FIR). (Statement 3 is correct)

(c) Tomato, Onion and Potato
Addressing price volatility in the Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) commodities has become a pressing issue in India. These essential food items experience significant price fluctuations throughout the year due to factors like climate change, monsoons, pest attacks, and supply-demand dynamics. This instability not only has a substantial impact on the country’s Consumer Price Index, contributing to inflation, but also affects the livelihoods of farmers and affordability for consumers.
Initiatives taken by the government to address volatility in Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) prices.
1. Operation Greens (OG): The Ministry of Food Processing Industries provides a transportation and storage subsidy of 50% for notified fruits and vegetables (including TOP crops) during periods of excess supply in the harvest season. This scheme helps reduce waste, manage supply, and stabilize prices.
2. Market Intelligence and Early Warning System (MIEWS): Through the MIEWS portal, the government tracks and monitors the price movements of TOP commodities. This information enables the government to take quick actions in response to potential market disruptions.
3. National Agriculture Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED): NAFED assists in controlling price volatility by gathering, analyzing, and circulating information about the supply, demand, and pricing of agricultural produce.
4. Export Bans: When the domestic prices of TOP commodities rise significantly due to shortages, the government often puts a temporary ban on their exports. This is done to prevent a domestic supply crunch and to curb further price increases. This move ensures that domestic consumers have access to these commodities at affordable prices.

(c) Both 1 and 2
Zika, dengue, and chikungunya are all viruses transmitted by the same two species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and can have similar symptoms.
As of May 2024, two dengue vaccines have been licensed and prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO): Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) by Sanofi Pasteur and Qdenga (TAK-003) by Takeda:
Dengvaxia: A tetravalent, live-attenuated vaccine that uses recombinant DNA technology to replace genetic sequences in a yellow fever vaccine with sequences from the four dengue virus serotypes
Qdenga: A live-attenuated vaccine that contains weakened versions of the four dengue virus serotypes Qdenga can be given to adults, adolescents, and children ages 4 and up.

(d) 3 and 4 only
Till the mid-1960s, the seeds used in cultivation were traditional ones with relatively low yields. Traditional seeds needed less irrigation. Farmers used cow-dung and other natural manure as fertilizers. All these were readily available with the farmers who did not have to buy them. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier. HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc.

(b) The distance travelled by light in one year
A light-year is the distance light travels in one year. It is a unit of astronomical distance, and is equal to 9.461 trillion kilometers. Light travels through interstellar space at 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second, and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers) per year.
A light-year is a measure of distance, not time. It is the total distance that a beam of light, moving in a straight line, travels in one year.
The International Astronomical Union defines a light-year is the distance light travels in 365.25 days. A light-year is a distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).
The nearest star to us is about 4.3 light-years away.
The Milky Way galaxy is about 150,000 light-years across, and the nearest large galaxy, Andromeda, is 2.3 million light-years away.