(d) Only 1
Both the Indian and American constitutions are federal in character, but unlike India, the USA allows for dual citizenship (national and state). (Statement 2 is incorrect)
Articles 371 A to 371 I were added to the Constitution by the Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act, 1962. They contain special provisions with respect to North-Eastern States.

(a) The Nehru Report (1928) had advocated the inclusion of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of India
In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission to review the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and propose constitutional reforms for India. The Commission did not have a single Indian member which irked leaders of the nationalist movement. While the British acknowledged the discontent, it did not change the composition of the Commission and instead asked Indians to prove that they could draw up a constitution themselves. A similar challenge was made in 1925 by Lord Birkenhead, then Secretary of State for India, in the House of Lords.
Leaders of the nationalist movement responded to the challenge by drafting the Nehru Report 1928.

(d) Articles 14 and 16
By reading the word socialist in the preamble with fundamental rights contained in Article 14 and 16 the Supreme Court has deduced the fundamental right to equal pay and equal work and compassionate appointment.
According to Justice Chief Justice K. G. Balakrishnan, the Supreme Court has deduced the fundamental right to equal pay and equal work and compassionate appointment by reading the word “socialist” in the preamble with fundamental rights contained in Article 14 and 16.

(a) 1, 2 and 3
Untouchability is a social practice that involves discriminating against people based on their caste and occupation. It’s part of the Indian caste system, where members of the lowest castes are considered ritually impure.
Untouchability may be abolished by improving the education system, making laws, and increasing public awareness but providing jobs/services to people is not a proper solution to abolish untouchability.

(d) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
The state can treat unequal groups differently to create a level playing field in the social, economic, and political spheres. This is because circumstances are not always equal. The state can provide special facilities, protection, and opportunities to specific groups of people.
For example, the state can train teachers to create a gender-sensitive and inclusive learning environment. Teachers can be trained to address biases and stereotypes, ensure equal treatment of girls, and promote girls’ participation in classrooms.
Equality before the law, means that amongst equals should be equal and equally administered and that like should be treated alike. Hence what it forbids is discrimination between persons who are substantially in similar circumstances or conditions. It does not forbid different treatment of unequal.