(c) Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) are short-lived electrical discharges that occur above thunderstorms and Cumulonimbus clouds.

A Red Sprite and Blue Jets represents an extraordinary meteorological phenomenon categorized as a Transient Luminous Event (TLE). Occasionally dubbed red lightning, it occurs above thunderclouds at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometers (25 – 50 miles) above the Earth’s surface. Unlike typical lightning bolts that descend from the clouds to the ground, a sprite behaves inversely, ascending into the atmosphere, resembling a form of reverse lightning.

The rapid occurrence of a red sprite, lasting merely a millisecond, presents a challenge for scientists aiming to capture and study them comprehensively. Because these phenomena materialize above thunderclouds, they pose difficulties for observation from Earth and are predominantly visible from space. Nonetheless, delving deeper into their characteristics can furnish significant insights into upper-atmospheric activities, offering valuable information for scientific understanding.

(d) Statement-1 is incorrect but Statement-2 is correct
Both Natural farming and Organic farming are the types of Sustainable agriculture (type of agriculture that focuses on producing long-term crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the environment).
Natural farming advocates zero intervention (regenerative agriculture), Whereas Organic farming necessitates minimal intervention, such as using natural inputs and procedures to preserve soil health and fertility. (Hence Statement-1 is incorrect).

(d) A unique species of frog native to South America
Budgett’s frog (Lepidobatrachus laevis) found in South America is kept as a pet in many countries because of their intelligent behavior.
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science’s (IISc.) molecular biophysics unit in a study have identified that peptides (short protein) produced from Budgett’s frog can combat enzymes of disease causing pathogens.
According to IISc., peptides (short proteins) produced from the skin of amphibians have long been studied because of their ability to counter unfavorable conditions in the environment, including harmful pathogens.

(c) Three only
Nagarhole National Park also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park, this park is located in the Kodagu district of Karnataka. It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The park is recognized as an Important Bird Area. The Kabini River, a tributary of the Cauvery River, flows through the sanctuary.
Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve: This reserve is located at the confluence of the Western and Eastern Ghats. It is located on the banks of the Bhavani River, a tributary of the Cauvery River.
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary: This sanctuary is located in Kerala and is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. The Kabini River, a tributary of the Cauvery River, flows through the sanctuary.
Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary: The Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the district of Thrissur district. Started as an irrigation project, it offers many facilities for the tourists. Manali River flows through the Protected area.

(b) Only two
The Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) was indeed conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) with the primary goal of developing growth standards for assessing the growth and development of infants and young children (Statement 1 is correct)
The primary aim of the MGRS was not to compare the growth patterns of children from different countries. Instead, it focused on establishing a universal reference for growth based on the optimal health, nutrition, and environmental conditions of children (Statement 2 is incorrect)
The study does provide growth references based on the growth of children who had optimal health, nutrition, and environmental conditions. This is crucial for ensuring that the growth standards are applicable across diverse populations (Statement 3 is correct).