(c) Both 1 and 2 statements are correct
PRATUSH, or Probing ReionizATion of the Universe using Signal from Hydrogen, is a radiometer that will orbit the moon. It will study the birth of stars and galaxies using the 21-cm hydrogen line from the far side of the moon. PRATUSH will reveal the history of the universe after the Big Bang, from cold gas into stars and galaxies.
PRATUSH will answer questions about the first stars, including when they formed, their nature, and the color of their light. The STARFIRE algorithm is used in PRATUSH to fine-tune antennas and instrument components for data gathering. Radio telescopes collect radio waves with the shortest wavelengths. They are affected by radio and TV signals, and the Earth’s ionosphere blocks radio waves from outer space.

(b) Only two statements are correct. (1st and 2nd)
An amendment to the Constitution can be initiated only by the Parliament, and not by the state legislatures. (1st statement is correct)
“Basic structure” concept was established by the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), which held that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in such a way as to alter its basic structure.
24th amendment made it mandatory for the President to give his assent to the Constitutional Amendment bills. The 24th amendment increased the power of the parliament to amend Fundamental Rights. (2nd statement is correct)
Parliament can amend the constitution under Article 368 without changing the “Basic Structure of Doctrine”.
Assent to Constitutional Amendment Bill: In the case of such bills, the President must give assent. He cannot return the bill or withhold it (unlike ordinary bills). After this, the bill becomes a Constitutional Amendment Act and the Constitution stands amended in accordance with the terms of the Act.
Article 368 of the Constitution provides Parliament with the power to amend the Constitution. The amendment process is not confined to subjects in the Union and Concurrent Lists; it can cover any part of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, the distribution of powers, and more, as long as the procedure outlined in Article 368 is followed. (3rd statement is incorrect)

(c) Both 1 and 2 statements are correct
The Maha Kumbh Mela is indeed held every 12 years at each of the four holy sites: Prayagraj (Allahabad), Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik.
It is the largest religious gathering in the world, attracting millions of pilgrims who come to bathe in sacred rivers.
The timing of the Kumbh Mela is based on a combination of astrological and planetary positions.
The festival commemorates the victory of the gods over the demons in the battle for the nectar of immortality, a mythological event known as the Samudra Manthan.

(c) All three statements are correct
The New Development Bank (NDB) was indeed established by the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) to support infrastructure and sustainable development projects. (1st statement is correct)
The NDB headquarters is located in Shanghai, China. (2nd statement is correct)
The initial authorized capital of the NDB is $50 billion, which can be increased to $100 billion.
Each BRICS country has an equal share in the NDB, with no single country having veto power over decisions, ensuring a democratic decision-making process. (3rd statement is correct)

(d) None (All statements are correct)
Diesel engines emit less CO2 and greenhouse gases than petrol engines. This happens because of the particular type of fuel and the internal efficiency of the diesel engine. More specifically, the fuel used in diesel engines has a higher compression ratio than petrol and it also performs better than petrol engines. (3rd statement is correct)
Diesel engines heat air with fuel to make the fuel use more efficient. But this produces nitrogen oxides (NOx) including nitrogen dioxide (NO2) which is toxic. Nitrous oxide (N2O), which is a greenhouse gas, and nitric oxide (NO), which reacts with oxygen to create NO2, are also emitted. (3rd statement is correct)
Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines and produce less carbon dioxide. Diesel engines are “lean-burn”, meaning they use less fuel and more air to achieve the same performance as a gasoline engine. Diesel fuel also contains about 12% more energy per gallon than gasoline.
Diesel engines are generally more fuel-efficient than petrol engines. Diesel engines can offer an average of 20-25% higher mileage, which can lead to significant fuel cost savings. (2nd statement is correct)