(b) Only two statements are correct (1st and 2nd)
eCDNA refers to extracellular DNA, which includes DNA fragments released into bodily fluids due to cell death or damage. Environmental factors such as pollution, toxins, or infections can lead to this type of DNA being present in the bloodstream. This has become a topic of interest in medical research for its potential role in disease diagnostics. (1st statement is correct)
eDyNAmiCled is an innovative technology being developed for diagnostic applications that focuses on using eCDNA for analyzing disease biomarkers, particularly cancer. It aims to use environmental changes and the presence of eCDNA as indicators for monitoring disease progression and evaluating potential health risks, which makes it an important tool for personalized medicine. (2nd statement is correct)
Mendel’s third law states that genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other. However, eCDNA clusters together during cell division, defying this principle. This clustering can contribute to cancer progression and drug resistance by allowing oncogenes to be amplified and expressed at higher levels than would be possible if they were located on chromosomes following Mendelian inheritance.
eCDNA clusters violate Mendel’s third law of independent assortment by clustering together during cell division. (3rdstatement is incorrect)

(d) All four statements are correct
Microsatellite DNA, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs) or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), is a type of genetic marker that consists of repeating sequences of DNA. These repeating units, which are typically 1-6 base pairs in length, are repeated in tandem, and the amount of repetitions varies between individuals.
The number of repeats at a certain microsatellite locus might vary greatly between people in a population because microsatellite DNA is highly variable.
It is commonly used in genetic studies, including population genetics and phylogenetic analysis (the study of how a species or group of organisms evolves), to study relationships among different species of fauna.
Microsatellites are highly polymorphic and vary in length due to differences in the number of repeat units. By analyzing the variations in microsatellite DNA sequences among individuals or populations, researchers can assess genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary relationships within and between species.
Uses of Microsatellite DNA
DNA fingerprinting: Microsatellite DNA can be used to create a unique DNA fingerprint for an individual. This can be used for forensic identification, paternity testing, and other purposes.
Genetic mapping: Microsatellite DNA can be used to map the location of genes in the genome. This can be used to identify genes that are associated with diseases or other traits.
Population genetics: Microsatellite DNA can be used to study the genetic diversity of populations. This can be used to understand how populations have evolved and to identify populations that are at risk of extinction.
Conservation genetics: Microsatellite DNA can be used to study the genetic diversity of endangered species. This information can be used to develop conservation strategies for these species.

(a) Every religious denomination shall have the right to manage its own affairs in matters of religion except some minor communities. (1st statement is incorrect)
Article 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Right to Freedom of Religion.
Article 25:- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion.
Subject to public order, morality, and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice, and propagate religion.
Article 26:- Freedom to manage religious affairs.
Subject to public order, morality, and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right:
To establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes. (3rd statement is correct)
To manage its own affairs in matters of religion. (4th statement is correct)
To own and acquire movable and immovable property. (2nd statement is correct)
To administer such property in accordance with the law.
Article 27:- Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
Article 28:- Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

(d) Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct
Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 5.0 is the latest phase of the Mission Indradhanush initiative, launched by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in India. Here are some key details about IMI 5.0:
Objective: The primary goal of IMI 5.0 is to enhance immunization coverage for all vaccines provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). This phase specifically aims to improve the coverage of Measles and Rubella vaccines with the goal of eliminating these diseases by 202312.
Target Group: The campaign targets children up to 5 years of age and pregnant women. This is an expansion from previous phases, which focused on children up to 2 years of age12.
Implementation: IMI 5.0 is being conducted in three rounds across all districts in India. The rounds are scheduled for August, September, and October 2023, with each round lasting six days12.
Digital Integration: For the first time, IMI 5.0 leverages the U-WIN digital platform for data recording and reporting. This helps in better tracking and management of immunization efforts12.
Achievements: As of the end of September 2023, over 34 lakh children and 6 lakh pregnant women were administered vaccine doses during the first two rounds of the campaign12.
Community Involvement: The campaign involves a 360-degree communication strategy, including advocacy, addressing vaccine hesitancy, and engaging local influencers and leaders to ensure widespread participation12.
IMI 5.0 is a significant step towards achieving full immunization coverage and ensuring that no child or pregnant woman is left out of the immunization net.

Pax Indica: India and the World of the Twenty-First Century is a book written by Shashi Tharoor. The book talks about India’s relationship with the foreign nations in recent times. It also proposes ideas on how to lead a constructive relationship with other nations.