(d) 2 and 4 only
The Kolkata Canal Project is not part of the river interlinking projects. It is a separate project aimed at improving navigation in the Kolkata region, but it does not focus on interlinking major rivers. (1st statement is incorrect)
The Peninsular River Linking Project is one of the two major components of the National River Linking Project. It aims to transfer water from the surplus rivers in the peninsular region (like the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, etc.) to the water-deficit areas of the southern and western parts of India.
National Waterway-1 refers to the Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia and is primarily focused on enhancing navigation, not river interlinking. While it is an important waterway for transport, it does not connect rivers or transfer water across regions. (3rd Statement is incorrect)
The Himalayan River Linking Project is another major part of the National River Linking Project. It involves the transfer of water from the surplus Himalayan rivers (like the Brahmaputra and its tributaries) to water-scarce regions in the northern and western parts of India, including areas in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

(b) Only two (2nd and 3rd)
The polar vortex is a large area of low pressure and cold air surrounding the Earth’s North and South poles. The term vortex refers to the counterclockwise flow of air that helps keep the colder air close to the poles. (1st statement is incorrect)
The polar vortex spins in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere 10-48 km above the ground and above the troposphere, where most familiar weather patterns develop.
Often during winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the polar vortex will become less stable and expand, sending cold Arctic air southward over the United States.

The Miyawaki method is a technique for urban afforestation that involves planting trees in small spaces. The method was developed in the 1970s by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki. The method’s goal is to increase the density of green cover in a small area.
The Miyawaki method involves:
Planting close together: Plants are seeded closely together to save space and promote dense growth. The close planting also allows young trees to protect each other and block sunlight from reaching the forest floor.
Planting native trees: The method involves identifying and planting native trees in the area.
Improving the soil: The soil is improved by covering it with mulch, which helps prevent dryness, erosion, and weed growth.
Planting multiple types of trees: The method involves planting two to four different types of indigenous trees within every square meter.

(c) All three statements are correct
The Government of India grants Classical Language status to languages based on the following criteria:
Antiquity: The language must have a history of at least 1500-2000 years. It should have been in use in an ancient form as evidenced by inscriptions or other historical documents.
Original Literary Tradition: The language should have an original literary tradition, implying it has produced its own corpus of literature and not merely translations.
Valuable Heritage: The language should possess a significant body of ancient literature or texts that are considered a valuable cultural heritage. This body of work should be of high quality and should have substantial historical value.
Not Derived from Another Living Language: The language should not be a derivative of another living language. This criterion ensures that the language has maintained a distinct and continuous identity over centuries.
Languages that meet these criteria are recognized for their rich historical and cultural significance, and the status helps in preserving and promoting their legacy.

(c) Mahatma Gandhi
In a speech in South Africa in 1890 Mahatma Gandhi said this: “A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us. We are dependent on him. He is not an interruption of our work. He is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider of our business. He is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to do so.”
A citizen’s charter is a written, voluntary declaration by service providers about service standards, choice, accessibility, non-discrimination, transparency, and accountability. It should be in accordance with the expectations of citizens.
Citizen’s Charter was first launched in UK: Citizen Charter concept was first articulated and implemented in the United Kingdom in 1991 by the then P.M. John Major.
Various Instruments that are established as Dispute Redressal mechanisms are:
• Establishing grievance redressal machinery under citizens’ charter
• Fixing time frames for grievance redressal
• Establishing an Institution of Ombudsman in the local level known as Lokpal and Lokayukta to oversee redressal of grievance.