(a) Only one statement is correct (1st)
The Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-1925) was indeed a protest against the prohibition on the entry of lower-caste Hindus into the temples at Vaikom in the princely state of Travancore (now part of Kerala). The movement aimed at securing the right of entry for people from lower castes to public temples and roads leading to them. This statement is correct.
The Vaikom Satyagraha is considered one of the first major movements against untouchability and caste discrimination in Kerala, laying the foundation for future social reform movements. (3rd statement is incorrect)
It also played a key role in shaping the social and political landscape of Kerala, eventually leading to the passage of laws that removed caste-based discrimination and promoted equality.
Although Mahatma Gandhi supported the Vaikom Satyagraha and extended moral support, he was not the direct leader of the movement. The movement was led by leaders such as T. K. Madhavan, K. Kelappan, and others from the Ezhava community. Gandhi’s role was mostly symbolic, providing encouragement and guidance to the Satyagrahis. This statement is incorrect. (2nd statement is incorrect)

(c) All three statements are correct
Malaria is indeed caused by several species of Plasmodium parasites, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale.
The most severe form of malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which can be fatal if not treated promptly. Chloroquine resistance in malaria parasites has led to the development of new antimalarial drugs to combat the disease.
The Global Malaria Programme (GMP) is indeed an initiative led by the World Health Organization (WHO) to coordinate global efforts to control and eventually eliminate malaria. The GMP works in partnership with countries, international organizations, and research groups to combat malaria.
The primary goal of the GMP is to reduce malaria incidence by 90% and to eliminate malaria in at least 35 countries by the year 2030. This ambitious goal is part of the broader Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030, which aims to accelerate progress in the fight against malaria.
MP does focus on the development of new treatments and vaccines (such as the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine), it also places equal importance on vector control strategies, including the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor spraying with insecticides, and environmental management to reduce mosquito breeding. These strategies are integral to the overall approach to malaria control.

(a) Only one statement is correct (1st)
The National Panchayat Awards are indeed presented annually by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj to recognize the best-performing Panchayats in India. These awards aim to acknowledge the contribution of Panchayats in strengthening local governance and fostering grassroots democracy.
One of the key objectives of the National Panchayat Awards is to encourage local self-governance and improve the delivery of public services such as sanitation, education, health, and infrastructure at the grassroots level.
The National Panchayat Awards are not restricted to only Gram Panchayats. In fact, Panchayats at all three levels — Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat — are eligible for the awards, provided they demonstrate outstanding performance in areas such as governance, public service delivery, and community participation. (2nd statement is incorrect)
Odisha won the highest number of National Panchayat Awards in 2024, securing seven awards. These awards recognized the outstanding performance of various Panchayati Raj Institutions in the state across different categories such as healthy panchayats, self-sufficient infrastructure, and carbon-neutral initiatives. (3rd statement is incorrect)

(c) Friends of the court
Amici Curiae is a Latin term that translates to “friends of the court.” It refers to individuals or organizations who are not directly involved in a case but provide information, expertise, or insight to assist the court in making its decision. They submit briefs, called amicus curiae briefs, to offer perspectives that might not be fully represented by the parties involved in the case.
Informing the Court: Amici Curiae may have relevant expertise or a unique perspective on the case’s issues that can aid the court’s decision-making process.
Neutrality: While they provide valuable information, amici curiae do not have a direct interest in the outcome of the case. Their role is purely to help the court understand broader implications.
Who Can Be Amici Curiae?
Individuals: Legal experts, scholars, or professionals with expertise in the subject matter of the case.
Organizations: Non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups, and public interest entities that have knowledge or experience relevant to the issues in the case.
Government Entities: Sometimes, government agencies can submit amicus briefs in cases that might have wider legal or social implications.

(b) Only two statements are correct (2nd and 3rd)
The Supreme Court of India came into existence on January 28, 1950, after the Constitution of India was adopted on January 26, 1950. (Statement 1is incorrect)
The Supreme Court replaced the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Federal Court was established in 1935 under the Government of India Act to resolve disputes between provinces and federal states, and to hear appeals from high courts.