(a) Only one statement is correct (3rd)
Fiscal Federalism- Fiscal federalism refers to the division of financial powers and responsibilities between the central government and state governments in India.
Constitutional Provisions-
The Indian Constitution defines the taxation and expenditure powers of the central and state governments through various provisions
a. Seventh Schedule- The Constitution assigns specific tax bases to the central and state governments, listed in the Union List and State List respectively.
b. Article 270- Article 270 of the Indian Constitution provides for the distribution of net tax proceeds collected by the Union government between the Centre and the States. (Statement 1st is incorrect)
c. Article 280- The Finance Commission which is a constitutional body under Article 280, recommends the sharing of tax revenues and grants-in-aid to the states.
d. Article 275- It provides for the grants-in-aid system which involves discretionary transfers from the Centre to states for specific purposes. (Statement 1st is incorrect)

(b) Only two statements are correct (1st and 2nd)
The Finance Commission in India is a quasi-judicial body constituted by the President of India under the provisions of the Constitution of India.
It is not a permanent body and the President of India constitutes the Finance Commission every fifth year or at such earlier times as he/she considers necessary.
The primary function of the Finance Commission revolves around making recommendations on the distribution of financial resources between the Union Government and the State Governments.
Article 280 and Article 281 of the Constitution of India deal with the provisions related to the Finance Commission of India (FCI).
The Finance Commission consists of a Chairman and four other members to be appointed by the President.
The Chairman and other members of the Commission hold office for such period as specified by the President in his/her order.
The Chairman and other members of the Commission are eligible for reappointment. (Statement 3 is incorrect)

(b) Statements 2 and 3 only are correct
Aghanashini Estuary is located in Karnataka.
Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve is located in Karnataka.
Karaivetti Bird Sanctuary is located in Tamil Nadu.
Longwood Shola Reserve Forest is located in Tamil Nadu

(a) New species of cascade frog discovered in Arunachal Pradesh
The Amolops adicola is a new species of cascade frog discovered in Arunachal Pradesh, India. The frog is brown in color and is about 4–7 cm in size. The frog is named after the Adi hills, which are home to the Adi tribe, an indigenous group of people from the Himalayan regions of Arunachal Pradesh. The literal meaning of Adi in the local language is “hill” or “mountain top”.
The Amolops genus is one of the largest groups of ranid frogs, with 73 known species. They are widely distributed across northeast and north India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, through Indochina to the Malaya peninsula.

(a) Only one statement is correct (2nd)
CPI was the party in opposition, led by Comrade Shripad Amrut Dange. The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party, CPI. (Statement 1 is incorrect)
It was in 1969 that for the first time the Leader of the Opposition was recognised. It was Ram Subhag Singh. (Statement 2 is correct)
The post received statutory recognition through the Salaries and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977, which defines the term “Leader of the Opposition” as that member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha who, for the time being, is the Leader of that House of the Party in Opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength and recognised, as such, by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. A party needs to have 54 members. (At least 10%). (Statement 3 is incorrect)
The question could be solved using elimination method. With general understanding of Parliament, it is widely known that to be appointed as leader of the opposition, with at least 10% strength in Lok Sabha, which makes it 54. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect and eliminating it we get the correct answer.