(c) All three statements are correct
In 1992, at the Rio Earth Summit, 154 countries signed a multilateral treaty called the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
It aimed to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human-induced) interference with the climate system.
The treaty came into force two years later, and since then, countries which are part of the UNFCCC, meet every year at different venues.
The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.

(a) Only one statement is incorrect (2nd)
The Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement are both international treaties that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow climate change. However, they differ in several ways, including:
The Kyoto Protocol only required developed countries to reduce emissions, while the Paris Agreement requires all countries to do so. (Statement 2 is incorrect)
The Kyoto Protocol focused on reducing specific gases, while the Paris Agreement aims to limit the overall rise in global temperatures.
The Kyoto Protocol had a compliance mechanism to ensure transparency and enforce commitments, while the Paris Agreement introduced the Sustainable Development Mechanism to replace the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism.
The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, and the Paris Agreement entered into force in 2016, effectively replacing the Kyoto Protocol.

(b) Only two statements are correct (2nd)
The Montreal Protocol was created in 1987 to protect the ozone layer. The Kigali Amendment is an extension of the Montreal Protocol that incorporates HFCs into the existing framework.
The Kigali Amendment is an agreement that’s part of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty that aims to protect the ozone layer. The Kigali Amendment addresses hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.

(a) 1 and 2 only
Ramsar sites are indeed wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention.
The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in the Iranian city of Ramsar.
As of August 2024, there are 85 Ramsar sites in India, covering 1,358,068 hectares. The United Kingdom has 175 Ramsar sites, which cover a total area of 1,282,630 hectares. This makes the UK the country with the most Ramsar sites in the world. (Statement 3 is incorrect)
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands:
• The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is an international treaty for “the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands”. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands.
• It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran where it was signed on 2nd of February 1971.
• The 2nd of February each year is World Wetlands Day.
• The number of parties to the convention (COP) is 171 (as of Jan 2023).
• At the centre of the Ramsar philosophy is the “wise use” of wetlands.
• Wise use: maintenance of ecological character within the context of sustainable development.

(c) All three statements are correct
The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC) is a treaty that mandates countries to set up systems for handling oil spill incidents, which includes storing necessary response equipment and conducting regular training exercises to ensure preparedness in case of an oil pollution emergency.
The OPRC Convention was indeed adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 1995. The Convention requires ships to carry a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan.
The Convention also mandates the establishment of stockpiles of oil spill combating equipment.