(c) All three statements are correct
The concept of Sarvodaya is deeply rooted in Gandhian philosophy and translates to “universal uplift” or “progress of all” in Sanskrit. Mahatma Gandhi first used the term in 1908 when he translated John Ruskin’s book “Unto This Last” into Gujarati, naming it “Sarvodaya”
Key Principles of Sarvodaya:
Welfare of All: The good of the individual is contained in the good of all. This principle emphasizes that true progress can only be achieved when every individual in society benefits.
Equality of Work: Gandhi believed that all types of work, whether done by a lawyer or a barber, have equal value. This principle promotes dignity of labor and equality in earning a livelihood.
Simple Living: A life of labor, such as that of a farmer or a craftsman, is considered the most fulfilling. This principle encourages a simple, self-sufficient lifestyle.

(a) 1 and 2 only
The Champaran Satyagraha was one of Gandhi’s first major movements in India, where he used the principle of non-violent resistance (“Satyagraha”) to fight against the exploitation of farmers in the Champaran district of Bihar who were forced to cultivate indigo for British planters under unfair conditions.
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a pivotal event that sparked widespread anger in India, leading Mahatma Gandhi to initiate the Non-Cooperation Movement as a form of peaceful resistance against British rule.
Retired British Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress in order to form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, control of India was transferred from the East India Company to the British Empire. (3rd statement is incorrect)

(d) It is a blend of Gandhian principles and traditional Indian values.
It emphasizes decentralization of power and decision-making, with a focus on self-sufficiency and self-governance at the local level.
The Indian brand of socialism is a ‘democratic socialism’ which is a blend of Marxism and Gandhism where both public and private sectors co-exist. Democratic socialism aims to end poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunity. Jawaharlal Nehru described democratic socialism as one, which will be based on political liberty, equality and tolerance. Under democratic socialism we could maintain individual freedom and initiative with centralized-social control and planning of the economic life of the people.

(d) 1, 2 and 3 statements are correct
He served as the Prime Minister of India from 1964 to 1966: Lal Bahadur Shastri became the Prime Minister after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and served until his own death in 1966.
He promoted the White Revolution in India: Shastri was a strong advocate for increasing milk production in India, leading to the White Revolution, which aimed to make India self-sufficient in milk production.
He signed the Tashkent Agreement with Pakistan: After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement on January 10, 1966, to restore economic and diplomatic relations between the two countries.

(c) All three statements are correct
At the Raisina Dialogue 2024, military leaders including India’s Chief of Defence Staff discussed the rise of gray-zone warfare, exemplified by actions in the South China Sea and along India’s northern borders.
Grey-zone warfare refers to a form of conflict characterised by actions that fall below the threshold of conventional war but are intended to achieve strategic objectives through ambiguity, deniability, and coercion.
In grey-zone warfare, adversaries employ tactics such as cyberattacks, economic coercion, and proxy conflicts to achieve their goals without directly engaging in open warfare.
It blurs the lines between peace and conflict, posing significant challenges to international security and stability.