Explanation:
Option (d) is correct:
List of Fundamental Duties: According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India:
• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture.
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
• To provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Explanation:
Option (d) is correct:
Definition of a State: The term ‘State’ has been used in different provisions concerning the fundamental rights. Hence, Article 12 has defined the term for the purposes of Part III. According to it, the State includes the following:
• Government and Parliament of India, that is, executive and legislative organs of the Union government.
• Government and legislature of states, that is, executive and legislative organs of state government.
• All local authorities, that is, municipalities, panchayats, district boards, improvement trusts, etc.
• All other authorities, that is, statutory or non-statutory authorities like LIC, ONGC, SAIL, etc.
Thus, State has been defined in a wider sense so as to include all its agencies. It is the actions of these agencies that can be challenged in the courts as violating the Fundamental Rights.
According to the Supreme Court, even a private body or an agency working as an instrument of the State falls within the meaning of the ‘State’ under Article 12.

Explanation:
(c) Both 1 and 2
Article 30 grants the following rights to minorities, whether religious or linguistic:
• All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
• The compensation amount fixed by the State for the compulsory acquisition of any property of a minority educational institution shall not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed to them.
• In granting aid, the State shall not discriminate against any educational institution managed by a minority. The term ‘minority’ has not been defined anywhere in the Constitution. The right conferred on minorities under Article 30 is only to ensure equality with the majority and not intended to place the minorities in a more advantageous position vis-à-vis the majority.
There is no reverse discrimination in favour of minorities. The general laws of the land relating to national interest, national security, social welfare, public order, morality, health, sanitation, taxation etc., applicable to all, will equally apply to minority institutions also.

Explanation:
(b) 1 and 3 only
Statement 1 is correct: The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. The framers of the Constitution borrowed this idea from the Irish Constitution of 1937, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the government (Central, state and local) cannot be compelled to implement them. Nevertheless, the Constitution (Article 37) itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.
Statement 3 is correct: According to Article 36, the term ‘State’ in Part IV has the same meaning as in Part III dealing with Fundamental Rights. Therefore, it includes the legislative and executive organs of the central and state] governments, all local authorities and all other public authorities in the country.

Explanation:
Option (d) is correct:
Liberal–Intellectual Principles: The principles included in this category represent the ideology of liberalism. They direct the state:
• To secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country (Article 44).
• To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of six years (Article 45).
• To organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines (Article 48).
• To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life (Article 48 A). To protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance (Article 49).
• To separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State (Article 50).
• To promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration (Article 51).