(c) All three statements are correct
QUAD, also known as the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a strategic forum comprising four countries: the United States, Japan, India, and Australia.
The Quad is aimed at promoting regional security and economic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
The four countries share a common interest in maintaining a free and open Indo-Pacific, promoting democracy, human rights, and the rule of law, and countering China’s expanding influence in the region.
The Quad has held several meetings at the ministerial and leaders’ level to discuss issues such as maritime security, infrastructure development, and supply chain resilience.
The Quad is seen as a mechanism for balancing China’s influence in the region, although its members have stressed that it is not a military alliance and is open to other countries who share their values and interests.
The Quad was initially formed in 2007 during an informal meeting of leaders from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It was Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe who first proposed the idea of creating the Quad.
In 2012 the Japanese PM Shinzo Abe highlighted the concept of the ‘Democratic Security Diamond’ in Asia, which includes the US, Japan, India, and Australia.
2017: Once again confronted with the growing danger posed by China, the four nations revitalized the Quad by expanding its goals and devising a system that aimed to gradually establish an international order based on rules.
India, Japan, USA, and Australia held the first ‘Quad’ talks in Manila ahead of the ASEAN Summit 2017.
2020: The trilateral India-US-Japan Malabar naval exercises expanded to include Australia, marking the first official grouping of the Quad since its resurgence in 2017 and the first joint military exercises among the four countries in over a decade. In 2021, The Quad leaders met virtually and later released a joint statement titled ‘The Spirit of the Quad’.

(b) Only two statements are correct (2nd and 3rd)
The Quad Cancer Moonshot is indeed a collaborative effort between the United States, India, Japan, and Australia. This initiative is part of the broader Quad partnership aimed at addressing global challenges. (Statement 1 is incorrect)
The initiative has set an ambitious goal to reduce cancer death rates by 50% by the year 2047. This aligns with the long-term vision of significantly improving cancer outcomes.
One of the key focus areas of the Quad Cancer Moonshot is to enhance access to cancer screenings and early detection, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region, where healthcare access can be limited.

(b) Only 2nd Statement is correct
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a rice cultivation method that was developed in Madagascar in the 1980s. It involves four stages: Weed management, Water management, Nursery change management and Duration of the plantation.
SRI involves cultivating rice with organic manure, planting young seedlings singly, and using intermittent irrigation. It also involves frequent inter cultivation with a weeder. SRI promises to save 15–20% of groundwater and improve rice productivity. It also reduces methane emissions by stopping flooding and relying on organic fertilization.
SRI is beneficial in India because 65% of farmers in India are marginal farmers, with an average land holding of less than one acre.

(d) 3 and 4 only are correct
Till the mid-1960s, the seeds used in cultivation were traditional ones with relatively low yields. Traditional seeds needed less irrigation. Farmers used cow-dung and other natural manure as fertilizers. All these were readily available with the farmers who did not have to buy them. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier. HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc.

(d) All of them
According to this concept, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better-off people in better surroundings. Social exclusion can be both a cause as well as a consequence of poverty in the usual sense. Broadly, it is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others (their “betters”) enjoy. A typical example is the working of the caste system in India in which people belonging to certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities. Social exclusion thus may lead to, but can cause more damage than, having a very low income.