(c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation:
Under the Iqta System, the land of the empire was divided into several large and small tracts called Iqta and assigned these Iqtas to his soldiers, officers and nobles. In the beginning, an Iqta was based upon salary. Later, under Firoz Shah Tughlaq it became hereditary. Alauddin Khilji suddenly abolished the system of small Iqtas with a stroke of the pen and brought them under the central Government (thus called Khalsa land). This was regarded as one of the most important agrarian reforms of Alauddin Khilji.

(b) 1, 2 and 4 only

Explanation:
Delhi Sultanate
The Muslim invasions into India had ultimately resulted in the establishment of Delhi Sultanate which existed from A.D. 1206 to 1526.
Factors facilitated the Turkish invasion of Delhi:
• Politically, India was divided into many kingdoms and they constantly fought against each other. Because of their internal conflicts, none of them could utilize its complete resources, nor could they unite themselves against foreign invasions. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Socially, the division of the Hindus into castes and sub-castes had created sharp differences between sections of the society and therefore, these divisions had weakened them. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In the first battle of Tarain in 1191, Prithviraj Chauhan, defeat of Muhammad Ghuri but did not completely oust the opponent. This provided them with an opportunity to regroup his forces and in the second battle of Tarain in 1192 Muhammad Ghori defeated king Prithiviraj Chauhan.
• The Turkish army was better organized and well-led by able leaders. The superior organization skills and speed of movement of the Turkish cavalry and their mounted archers dominated the numerically strong and equally equipped Indian forces. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
• Various local rulers, especially the ruler of Kannauj, Jaichandra possessed a strong army but did not choose to support the India cause in the battle. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
• Thus, the Hindushahi kingdom failed to check the growing power of the Turks towards the east.

(d) All of the above

Explanation:
Firoz Shah Tughlaq: Achievements
• He worked majorly in the development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, river canals, reservoirs, rest houses etc.
• He established an office for poor and deprived individuals called Diwan-i-Khairat
• He established a department of slave known as Diwan-i-Bundagan
• He made the Iqtadari framework hereditary.
• He is known to have established four new towns- Firozabad, Fatebabad, Jaunpur and Hissar.
• He imposed Jaziya on the Brahmins for the first time.
• He established several hospitals calling them as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan or Shifa Khana, in Delhi.
• He constructed waterways for watering system from:
o Yamuna to the city of Hissar
o the Sutlej to the Ghaggar
o the Ghaggar to Firuzabad
o Mandvi and Sirmour Hills to Hansi in Haryana.
• Firoz Shah breathed his last in 1388 and the Tughlaq dynasty could not find its stand after him. He was the last known leader of the dynasty which was overcome after him.

(c) 2 and 3 only

Explanation:
• Statement 1 is incorrect. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1221. Genghis Khan sent two tumens (20,000 soldiers) under Dorbei the Fierce and Bala to chase Jalal ad-Din, the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire, who had fled to India. The Mongols sacked several cities in Punjab and Sindh, but did not advance further into India.
• Statement 2 is correct.
o Alauddin sent an army to raid the Kakatiya capital Warangal in the winter of 1302–1303, and then marched to Chittor himself.
o Around August 1303 when the Mongols saw Delhi was undefended, they launched another invasion.
o Although Alauddin arrived in Delhi ahead of the invaders, he did not have enough time to build a robust defense.
o He sought refuge in a strongly guarded camp at the Siri Fort, which was still under construction.
o The Mongols pillaged Delhi and its environs, but were unable to breach Siri, forcing them to retreat.
o Alauddin strengthened the forts and military presence along their route to India as a result of this encounter with the Mongols.
o He also implemented a number of economic reforms to assure adequate revenue inflows for the continuous maintenance of the army.
• Statement 3 is correct. Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the second ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, did not lose any territory to the Mongols. On the contrary, he successfully repelled several Mongol attacks during his reign. He strengthened the frontier defenses and built a series of forts along the Indus river. He also maintained a large standing army and a fleet of war elephants. He defeated the Mongol armies of Tarmashirin, the Chagatai Khan, in 1326 and 1327, and forced them to retreat.

(a) 1-5-2-3-4

Explanation:
1. Slave Dynasty (1206-1290): Established by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, it laid the foundation for the Sultanate.
2. 1238-1568 CE, Ahom Kingdom: in Assam, resisted Mughal expansion and established a strong independent kingdom.
3. Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320): Alauddin Khalji’s military conquests and economic reforms marked its peak.
4. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1325, 1325-1414): Muhammad Tughlaq’s innovative but harsh policies led to rebellions.
5. 1336-1565 CE, Vijayanagara Empire: in Karnataka, established as a response to Muslim invasions, cultural and architectural center.