(d) None
Monsoon Core Zone (MCZ); MCZ is a region in India stretching from Gujarat to West Bengal in the east.
India Meteorological Department demarcates it as an agricultural region where cropping is mostly rainfed.
It is the region within the monsoon trough area that plays a central role in the dynamics of the Indian monsoon system.
It is characterized by intense convective activity, significant rainfall, and crucial atmospheric interactions that influence the overall behavior of the monsoon.
The MCZ typically experiences a concentration of atmospheric processes that drive the onset, progression, and withdrawal of the monsoon rains across the Indian subcontinent.

(d) Iran
Chabahar is Iran’s only oceanic port. It is situated in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, on the Makran coast. There are two main ports in Chabahar – the Shahid Kalantari port and the Shahid Beheshti port.
The Shahid Kalantari port was developed in the 1980s. Iran had offered India the project of developing the Shahid Beheshti port which was well received by India.

(b) Only two
ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is a wholly owned subsidiary and overseas arm of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC). It is a Miniratna Schedule “A” Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. ONGC Videsh’s main activity is prospecting for oil and gas acreages outside of India, as well as oil and gas exploration, development, and production. (Statement 1 is correct)
The Sakhalin-1 project in Russia is one of the largest oil and gas projects in the world, involving three offshore fields in the Okhotsk Sea: Chayvo, Odoptu and Arkutun-Dagi. The project is operated by a consortium of international companies, including ExxonMobil, ONGC Videsh, SODECO and Rosneft. (Statement 2 is incorrect)
The Sakhalin-1 oil and gas development project is located in the Okhotsk Sea, off the north-eastern coast of Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East.
The Sakhalin-1 project is operated by Exxon Neftegas (ENL), a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil which holds a 30% participating interest. The other partners of the project are the Japanese consortium Sakhalin Oil and Gas Development Company (SODECO, 30%), India’s state-owned ONGC Videsh (20%), and Russian oil company Rosneft (20%). (Statement 3 is correct)
For Miniratna category I status, the CPSE should have made profit in the last three years continuously, the pre-tax profit should have been Rs. 30 crores or more in at least one of the three years and should have a positive net worth.

(d) All of the above
A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano, is defined as one that consists of a complex of two or more vents, or a volcano that has an associated volcanic dome, either in its crater or on its flanks. Examples include Vesuvius, besides Taal.
The Taal volcano does not rise from the ground as a distinct, singular dome but consists of multiple stratovolcanoes (volcanoes susceptible to explosive eruptions), conical hills and craters of all shapes and sizes. Taal has 47 craters and four maars (a broad shallow crater).

(a) Satellites to study heat emissions at Earth’s poles.
Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched one of the two climate satellites, which would study heat emissions at Earth’s poles. The second satellite will be launched in the following days.
The mission to study the poles has been named PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment).
To analyse Earth’s energy budget
Measuring heat emissions at Earth’s poles will help us understand the Earth’s energy budget.
The Earth’s energy budget is the balance between the amount of heat incoming to Earth from the Sun and the amount of heat outgoing from Earth into space.
The difference between the two determines the planet’s temperature and climate.
Currently no way to measure heat radiated from the Arctic and Antarctica
A large amount of the heat radiated from the Arctic and Antarctica is emitted as far-infrared radiation.
Far-infrared radiation are wavelengths of 3 μm to 1,000 μm within the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation.
However, there is currently no way to measure this type of energy. As a result, there is a gap in knowledge about the planet’s energy budget.