(a) Only one statement is correct (1st)
The Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is indeed a set of emergency measures implemented to combat air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India.
GRAP is enforced by the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in NCR and adjoining areas.
The plan is activated based on the Air Quality Index (AQI) levels, with different actions prescribed for each stage of air quality deterioration.
Stage I of GRAP is triggered when the AQI reaches the “Poor” category (AQI: 201-300). (2nd statement is incorrect)
While reducing industrial emissions and vehicular pollution are important aspects of GRAP, the plan also addresses a range of other sources, including dust from construction, biomass burning, and others, to mitigate air pollution. (3rd statement is incorrect)

(c) Only three statements are correct (1st, 2nd and 4th)
The ADB has established initiatives like the SDG bonds to mobilize funding for projects that contribute to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These bonds are part of ADB’s efforts to align its financing with global sustainability targets. (1st statement is correct)
ADB has indeed increased its capital resources through the issuance of bonds in international financial markets. This helps raise funds to meet the growing needs of its member countries, particularly in the context of infrastructure and development projects. (2nd statement is correct)
The ADB continues to provide funding for both public and private sector projects, and it has not exclusively focused on non-governmental or private sector-led projects. The bank maintains a balanced approach to financing projects in both sectors. (3rd statement is incorrect)
The reforms also focus on mobilizing private and domestic capital to address overlapping crises, including climate change. (4th statement is correct)

(a) 1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-B.
Yudh Abhyas: This is a joint exercise between India and the United States. It focuses on enhancing interoperability and tactical operations between the two armies.
Malabar: This naval exercise is conducted between India, Japan, and the United States. Originally a bilateral exercise between India and the US, it has now become a trilateral exercise that involves Japan as a partner.
Vostok: This is a joint exercise between India and Russia. It is conducted as part of India’s military cooperation with Russia, often focusing on counterterrorism and operational readiness.
Indra: This exercise is conducted between India and Russia, focusing on both army and air force cooperation. It includes joint training on counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and operational interoperability.

(b) Only two statements are correct (1st and 2nd)
The PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is designed to provide free electricity connections to rural households that lack access to electricity, thereby ensuring that no one is left without power. (1st statement is correct)
The scheme offers a subsidy covering up to 40% of the cost of installing solar panels. (2nd statement is correct)
The PM-Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana is part of a broader national initiative aimed at solar power solutions, and while it complements efforts in rural electrification, it is not part of DDUGJY. It focuses on providing solar-based power solutions rather than traditional grid connections.
The scheme is implemented through the Renewable Energy Services Company (RESCO) model and the Utility Led Asset (ULA) model. (3rd statement is incorrect)

(a) 1 only statement is correct
Ethanol blending with petrol is part of India’s strategy to reduce dependency on fossil fuels and promote renewable energy sources. The government has set a target to achieve a 20% ethanol blend by 2025 under the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme. (1st statement is correct)
National Policy on Biofuels 2018 initially aimed for 10% ethanol blending by 2022, it originally targeted 20% ethanol blending by 2030, but this target was later amended in 2022 to achieve 20% blending by the Ethanol Supply Year (ESY) 2025-26, effectively moving the goal to 2025. (2nd statement is incorrect)