(d) Pandit Motilal Nehru
When Gandhi cancelled the movement because of the Chauri Chaura incident, he parted ways with the INC and formed the Swarajya Party along with CR Das. He became a member of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 serving as the Leader of the Opposition.
Motilal Nehru is most remembered for the Nehru Report. In the aftermath of the Indian leaders’ opposition to the Simon Commission, the Secretary of State for India, Lord Birkenhead dared Indians to draw up a constitution, indirectly insinuating that Indians were not up to the challenge as they could not find a common path.
The Indian leadership took up the challenge and formed a committee for this purpose cutting across party lines. Motilal was the chairman of this committee. This report was submitted at the all-party Lucknow session in 1928 becoming one of the earliest attempts by Indians to frame a constitution.
In 1929, he resigned from active politics due to ill-health. He died in 1931 aged 69.

(a) 1 and 3
About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Ninety-seven percent of the water on the earth is salt water. (Statement 2 is incorrect)
• Ratio of land area to water area of earth is 29:71 (nearly 1:2.5).
• Surface area of Earth: 510,100,500 sq. km.
• Land area of Earth: 148,950,800 sq. km.
• Ocean Surface of Earth: 361,149,700 sq. km.

(b) Africa – North America – South America – Europe
Asia (30%) – Africa (20.2%) – North America (16.5%) – South America (12%) – Antarctica (8.9%) Europe (6.7%) – Australia (5.3%)

(c) All three
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is a statutory body established in 2008 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. FSSAI’s role is to set science-based standards for food, and regulate its manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import. The FSSAI’s primary legislation is the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSS) of 2006.
AGMARK is a certification mark for agricultural products in India. It is a grading scheme that is mandatory for edible oils and fats spread products. The goods that come under AGMARK include ghee, mustard oil, olive oil, besan, atta, honey, and spices.
AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, an agency of the Government of India. AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products.
FSSAI is a body under the Food safety and standard act of 2006 for inspecting the quality of food products. FSSAI’s work is the inspection of Agency whereas AGMARK’s role is the certification.
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) in its 43rd meeting decided to do away with the need for Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or AGMARK certification for food products which have FSSAI license with them.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is India’s national standards body. The BIS Act of 2016 established the BIS to standardize products and processes, mark them, and certify them. The BIS is responsible for the harmonious development of these activities.

(b) The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and built Fort Kochi in the modern Kochi.
Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500. From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) was ruled by Portugal. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Saint Thomas Christians and the Jews, as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Francis Church. (Statement a is incorrect)
The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied with the Zamorin of Calicut to conquer Kochi.
By 1773, the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this period.
Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces, signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka of Sumatra. In 1866, Fort Kochi became a municipality. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula. (Statements c and d are incorrect)
In 1947, when India gained independence from the British colonial rule, Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly.
The Dutch defeated the Portuguese in the Battle of Kochi in 1663, but they did not build Fort Williams in Kochi. Instead, they built Fort Kochi after their victory.