Answer: (D)
Explanation:
While the Collegium system finds no mention in the Constitution, it has evolved through the Supreme Court’s own three judgments, known collectively as the Three Judges Cases.
In India, until 1993, the appointment of judges was done by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice and two other senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
Since 1993, it is the Collegium system evolved by the Supreme Court that decides on appointments and transfers of judges in the higher judiciary, though the nominal appointing authority is the President of India.
PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES TO THE SUPREME COURT
Article 124 (2) of the Constitution lays down the process to appoint judges to the higher judiciary: “Every Judge of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President after consultation with such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the high courts in the states as the President may deem necessary for the purpose and shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years: Provided that in the case of appointment of a judge other than the chief Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall always be consulted.”
Like the Supreme Court, the high courts, too, have a Collegium, headed by the chief justice of the high court and two senior-most judges as members.
The high court Collegium sends its judicial appointments recommendation only to the Supreme Court Collegium.

Answer: (D)
Explanation:
Established in 1997 as an intergovernmental organization of States on the rim of the Indian Ocean, the IORA has members from Africa, West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Oceania. The Association’s membership has expanded to 23 member states and 11 dialogue partners.
Six priority areas identified by the IORA, including Trade and Investment, Maritime Safety and Security, Fisheries Management, Disaster Risk Management and Blue Economy.

Answer: (A)
Explanation:
Article 244, pertaining to the administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas, is the single most important constitutional provision for STs. Article 244(1) provides for the application of Fifth Schedule provisions to Scheduled Areas notified in any State other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. The Sixth Schedule applies to these States as per Article 244(2).
What are Scheduled Areas?
Scheduled Areas cover 11.3% of India’s land area, and have been notified in 10 States: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Himachal Pradesh. In 2015, Kerala proposed to notify 2,133 habitations, five gram panchayats, and two wards in five districts as Scheduled Areas; it awaits the Indian government’s approval.
How are Scheduled Areas governed?
The President of India notifies India’s Scheduled Areas. States with Scheduled Areas need to constitute a Tribal Advisory Council with up to 20 ST members. They will advise the Governor on matters referred to them regarding ST welfare. The Governor will then submit a report every year to the President regarding the administration of Scheduled Areas.
Who decides a Scheduled Area?
The Fifth Schedule confers powers exclusively on the President to declare any area to be a Scheduled Area. In 2006, the Supreme Court held that “the identification of Scheduled Areas is an executive function” and that it doesn’t “possess the expertise … to scrutinize the empirical basis of the same”.
How are Scheduled Areas identified?
Neither the Constitution nor any law provides any criteria to identify Scheduled Areas. However, based on the 1961 Dhebar Commission Report, the guiding norms for declaring an area as a Scheduled area are — preponderance of tribal population; compactness and reasonable size of the area; a viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk; and economic backwardness of the area relative to neighbouring areas.
Source: The Hindu (Text & Context)

Answer: (B)
Explanation:
Goldin’s path breaking work has shed light on the participation of women in the labour market over the past 200 years, and why the pay gap between men and women refuses to close even as many women are likely to be better educated than men in high-income countries.
About the Economics Nobel
A Nobel Prize in Economics was not part of Alfred Nobel’s 1895 will that established the other prizes. The prize is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank), on the bank’s 300th anniversary. It is formally called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
Goldin is only the third woman to win this honour. In 2009, Elinor Ostrom got the award along with Oliver E Williamson, while in 2019, Esther Duflo shared it with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer.
Source: Indian Express Explained